Can a Layer 2 Solution Be Compromised Even If the Underlying Layer 1 Is Secure?

Yes, an L2 can be compromised due to vulnerabilities in its own smart contract code, a centralized sequencer being hacked or censoring transactions, or a failure in its proof-verification mechanism. While L1 provides the final security anchor, the L2's specific implementation and operational model introduce distinct risks.

These risks are typically categorized as "smart contract risk" or "liveness risk."