Can Spoofing Be Executed on a DEX That Uses an Automated Market Maker (AMM)?

Spoofing, as traditionally defined by order book manipulation, cannot be executed on a DEX that uses a pure Automated Market Maker (AMM). AMMs do not have an order book; they use a mathematical formula (like $x cdot y = k$) to determine price and liquidity.

Since there are no traditional "orders" to place and cancel, the mechanism for spoofing does not exist. However, similar manipulative tactics can be achieved by executing small, strategically timed trades to temporarily influence the AMM's price, often preceding a larger trade or a liquidation.