Does the Black-Scholes Model Account for the Bid-Offer Spread?

The basic Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model does not directly account for the bid-offer spread. It is a theoretical pricing model that outputs a single fair value for the option, assuming a frictionless market with no transaction costs.

Traders and market makers then apply the BSM value as a mid-point reference, adjusting the bid and ask prices around it to incorporate transaction costs, risk, and the spread.

What Role Do Market Makers Play in Setting the Bid-Offer Spread?
In an Option Spread Strategy (E.g. a Bull Call Spread), How Many Times Does the Bid-Offer Spread Cost Factor In?
How Does the Order Book Depth Influence the Bid-Offer Spread on a Crypto Platform?
How Does the Black-Scholes Model Use Implied Volatility to Calculate Option Price?
How Does the Concept of ‘Fully Diluted Valuation’ (FDV) Relate to Vesting?
What Is the Black-Scholes Model Primarily Used for in Options Trading?
What Is the Difference between a ‘Quoted Price’ and a Market maker’S’theoretical Fair Value’?
How Does the Black-Scholes Model Form the Basis for Options Quoting in Crypto RFQs?

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