Explain the Role of the ‘Mempool’ in Enabling Sandwich Attacks

The mempool is the holding area for unconfirmed transactions waiting to be included in a block. Since the mempool is public, searchers can see a victim's large transaction before it executes.

This visibility allows the attacker to craft and submit two transactions ▴ a buy and a sell ▴ with higher gas fees to ensure they are mined immediately before and after the victim's transaction, completing the sandwich.