How Can the Cost of a 51% Attack Be Calculated?

The cost of a 51% attack can be calculated by considering the cost of acquiring and operating the necessary mining hardware to control the majority of the network's hash rate. This includes the price of the hardware, the cost of electricity, and the cost of cooling and maintenance.

The cost can also be influenced by the availability of mining hardware and the current market price of the cryptocurrency. The higher the network's hash rate, the more expensive it is to launch a 51% attack.