How Do Transaction Fees Typically Compare between Consortium and Public Blockchains?

Transaction fees on a consortium blockchain are typically much lower and often predictable, sometimes even non-existent for internal transactions. This is because there is no competition among miners or validators for block space, and the operating costs are shared among the consortium members.

Public blockchains, conversely, have variable and often high fees due to network congestion and the economic incentive required to reward decentralized miners/validators (gas fees).