How Does a High Volume of Zero-Fee Transactions Affect Network Congestion?

A high volume of zero-fee transactions can contribute to network congestion if the block space is limited and they displace higher-fee transactions. However, in a competitive environment, miners will generally prioritize higher-fee transactions, leaving zero-fee transactions to languish in the mempool.

If a miner chooses to include them, they occupy valuable block space that could have been used for higher-value, higher-fee transactions, effectively increasing the average waiting time for others.

What Mechanism Ensures That Miners Prioritize Higher-Fee Transactions?
Why Are Gas Fees Often Higher during Periods of High Network Congestion?
How Do Transaction Fees Relate to Blockchain Network Congestion?
How Does a Zero-Fee Transaction Affect the Profitability of a Mining Pool?
What Is a “Volatility Index” and How Does It Relate to Market Congestion?
How Do Transaction Fees Change Based on Network Congestion and Block Space?
What Is the Economic Rationale for a Miner to Always Prioritize Fee-Paying Transactions?
How Does Network Congestion Affect the Effective Minimum Transaction Fee?

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