How Does a Mining Pool Hedge Its Risk When Offering a Pay-Per-Share (PPS) Reward System?
A mining pool offering a PPS system assumes the variance risk of not finding a block when expected. To hedge this risk, the pool operator must maintain a large reserve of the cryptocurrency.
They may also use financial derivatives, such as short-term futures contracts, to lock in a selling price for the coins they expect to mine, ensuring they can cover the fixed payout promised to miners.