How Does ‘Market Manipulation’ Affect the Final Settlement Price?

Market manipulation, such as a 'spoofing' or 'pump-and-dump' scheme, can artificially inflate or deflate the price of an asset on a specific exchange. If the oracle relies on that single, manipulated price for settlement, the final profit/loss calculation for the derivative will be unfair and incorrect.

Decentralized oracles mitigate this by aggregating data from multiple exchanges, making it exponentially more expensive to manipulate the final aggregated price.

What Advantage Does a Median-Based Price Aggregation Have over a Mean-Based Aggregation?
Why Is a Single-Source IV Oracle Highly Susceptible to Manipulation?
How Effective Is Changing the PoW Algorithm as a Long-Term Defense Strategy?
What Is the Danger of Relying on a Single Spot Price Source for the Index?
How Does a Weighted Aggregation System Defend against a “Sybil Attack” by an Attacker Controlling Multiple Low-Stake Nodes?
How Does the Choice of ‘Data Source’ (E.g. Exchange) Affect the TWAP Integrity?
What Is the Difference between On-Chain and Off-Chain Aggregation?
How Does a Multi-Source Oracle Architecture Mitigate Single-Point Risk?

Glossar