How Does Network Congestion Affect Gas Fees for Smart Contract Execution?

Network congestion increases demand for block space, causing users to bid a higher gas price to incentivize validators to include their transaction. This drives up the total gas fee.

During peak congestion, the cost of executing a simple smart contract function can become prohibitively expensive, especially on Layer 1 blockchains.

How Does Network Congestion Affect the Effective Minimum Transaction Fee?
How Is the Size of the Mempool an Indicator of Network Congestion?
How Does the Block Size Limit Create Scarcity for Block Space?
Why Are Gas Fees Often Higher during Periods of High Network Congestion?
How Does Network Congestion Influence the Average Transaction Fee?
How Does a High Volume of Zero-Fee Transactions Affect Network Congestion?
What Is the Economic Consequence of Limited Block Space?
What Is the Maximum Capacity of a Bitcoin Block and How Does It Relate to Mempool Congestion?

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