How Does pBFT Achieve Transaction Finality?

pBFT achieves finality through a multi-phase commit process involving all validator nodes. Once the primary node proposes a block, it enters the 'pre-prepare' phase.

Nodes then exchange 'prepare' messages, confirming the proposal. Finally, they exchange 'commit' messages.

A transaction is considered final when a node receives 'commit' messages from a supermajority (2/3 + 1) of the validator set, ensuring all non-faulty nodes will eventually commit the same transaction.