How Does Physical Settlement Impact the Liquidity of a Futures Market?

Physical settlement can sometimes reduce the liquidity of a futures contract, particularly as it approaches expiration. Traders who do not want to deal with delivery tend to close out their positions before the delivery period begins, which concentrates trading volume into the front-month contract and reduces volume in the expiring contract.

This is less pronounced in highly liquid financial futures markets.

How Do Perpetual Contracts Allow Traders to Avoid Capital Gains Tax on the Underlying Asset?
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What Are the Implications of Physical Settlement for Market Liquidity?
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How Does the Lack of Physical Delivery Impact the Liquidity of Cash-Settled Futures?
What Is the Impact of an Illiquid Physical Delivery Market on the Price of a Dual-Settlement Contract?
What Is the “Roll Yield” in Futures Trading?
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