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How Does Proof-of-Stake Differ from Proof-of-Work as a Consensus Mechanism?

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) replaces computational competition with economic stake. Instead of miners solving puzzles, validators are chosen to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they have "staked" as collateral.

PoS is generally considered more energy-efficient and relies on economic penalties (slashing) to ensure honest behavior.

How Does PoW Differ Fundamentally from Proof-of-Stake (PoS)?
How Is the Specific Base Point for a Curve like Secp256k1 Chosen?
What Alternative Consensus Mechanisms, like Proof-of-Stake, Aim to Replace PoW?
What Is “Slashing” in a Proof-of-Stake System?