How Does Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Achieve Data Integrity without PoW’s Mining?

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) achieves data integrity through a process called 'attestation' or 'validation,' not competitive mining. Validators are chosen to propose and attest to new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they have staked.

Data integrity is enforced through economic penalties (slashing) for validators who propose invalid blocks or attest to conflicting chains. The staked capital acts as collateral, providing a financial incentive for honest behavior and securing the Merkle Root integrity.