How Does the 51% Attack Exploit a Weakness in the PoW Consensus Mechanism?

A 51% attack occurs when a single entity or coordinated group gains control of more than half (51%) of the network's total mining hash rate. With this majority, they can effectively block new transactions, reverse their own recent transactions (double-spending), and prevent other miners from completing blocks.

The "weakness" is the economic vulnerability that the security relies on the majority of miners acting honestly.

How Does a 51% Attack Exploit the Consensus Mechanism?
How Does an Attacker Cash out Their Illicit Gains?
Explain the Concept of a “51% Attack” in the Context of Network Hash Rate
How Does a 51 Percent Attack Relate to Consensus Mechanisms?
How Does a 51 Percent Attack Leverage Control over the Hashing Power?
What Is a Major Security Risk Associated with Proof-of-Work?
What Is the Difference between “Soft Forks” and “Hard Forks” in Blockchain Governance?
How Does the Cost of an Attack Compare to the Potential Profit from a Double-Spend?

Glossar