How Does the Energy Consumption of Proof-of-Activity Compare to That of Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake?

Proof-of-Activity is more energy-efficient than Proof-of-Work but less so than pure Proof-of-Stake. The PoW phase of PoA still requires significant computational power and energy, but the difficulty of the mining puzzle is typically lower than in a pure PoW system.

The PoS phase is very energy-efficient, as it only requires validators to be online and to sign blocks. Overall, PoA represents a compromise between the high energy consumption of PoW and the low energy consumption of PoS.