How Does the Price Volatility of the Coin Affect the Attacker’s Risk-Reward Calculation?

High price volatility increases the attacker's risk. If the coin's price drops significantly during the attack, the value of the double-spent coins decreases, potentially making the attack unprofitable compared to the ongoing rental and electricity costs.

Conversely, a price spike could increase the profit. The uncertainty introduced by volatility makes the attack's profitability less predictable, adding a layer of financial risk for the attacker.