How Is the Concept of Non-Repudiation Achieved Using Cryptography in Trading?

Non-repudiation ensures that a party cannot successfully deny having sent a message or performed an action. In trading, this is achieved through digital signatures.

When a trader signs an order with their private key, the resulting signature cryptographically proves their intent. Since only they possess the private key, they cannot later claim the order was forged.

This provides legally binding proof of origin and intent.