How Is Validator Selection Randomized in PoS to Prevent Centralization?

Validator selection in Proof of Stake (PoS) systems is randomized to prevent centralization and manipulation. Various methods are used, such as Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs), which use cryptographic sortition to assign block proposal rights in a way that is unpredictable to outsiders but verifiable by anyone.

Other methods involve algorithms that weigh the validator's stake size along with other random seeds from the blockchain's state. This ensures that even the largest stakers cannot predict or control who will create the next block.