Is a Sandwich Attack Considered Market Manipulation by Regulators?

While a sandwich attack fits the general description of predatory trading that harms market integrity, specific regulatory action is still evolving. In traditional finance, it could be classified as manipulation if it involves a fiduciary duty breach or unauthorized access.

In DeFi, where there is no central authority, the legal classification is less clear, but it is widely viewed as an unfair practice that regulatory bodies are increasingly scrutinizing under general anti-fraud rules.