What Are the On-Chain Indicators of a Successful Sandwich Attack?

On-chain indicators include three sequential transactions within the same block: a buy from the attacker, the victim's trade, and a sell from the attacker. The attacker's two trades will often involve the exact same token amount.

Furthermore, the victim's transaction will show a significantly worse execution price than the initial quote, and the attacker's transactions will have a high priority fee (bribe) to ensure the specific ordering.