What Are the Primary Scalability Bottlenecks That Sharding Attempts to Solve?

Sharding primarily attempts to solve the bottlenecks of execution throughput and state bloat on the Layer 1 chain. Execution throughput is limited because every node must process every transaction.

State bloat occurs as the blockchain's history grows, increasing the requirements for running a full node. By dividing the network and allowing parallel transaction processing, sharding addresses both limitations, enabling a higher volume of transactions.