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What Is the Concept of “Upgradability” in Smart Contracts and Its Associated Risk?

Upgradability allows the logic of a smart contract to be modified after deployment, typically via a proxy pattern or a DAO vote. This is necessary for bug fixes and feature additions.

The associated risk is centralization: if the upgrade mechanism is controlled by a small group, they could maliciously change the contract, effectively seizing funds or introducing backdoors.

How Can a Time-Lock Function Mitigate the Risk of a Malicious Contract Deployment?
What Is the Difference between a Transparent Proxy and a UUPS Proxy?
What Is ‘Miner Centralization’ in PoW and How Does It Compare to ‘Validator Centralization’ in PoS?
How Does an Immutable Contract Prevent Malicious Changes by a Developer?