What Is the Long-Term Sustainability Model for Bitcoin Mining Revenue Once All Block Rewards Are Issued?

The Bitcoin protocol is designed to issue a fixed supply of 21 million coins, with block rewards eventually ceasing around the year 2140. The long-term sustainability model relies entirely on transaction fees.

Miners will be incentivized to secure the network solely by the fees paid by users to process their transactions. This transition requires a robust transaction fee market to ensure that the total fees are sufficient to cover the miners' operational costs and provide a profit.