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What Is the Main Alternative Consensus Mechanism to PoW?

The main alternative is Proof of Stake (PoS). In PoS, validators are chosen to create new blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they "stake" (hold and lock up) as collateral, rather than competing with computational power.

PoS is significantly more energy-efficient than PoW.

How Does Proof of Stake (PoS) Reduce Energy Consumption Compared to PoW?
How Does the Concept of “Energy per Transaction” Differ between PoW Systems and Centralized Payment Networks?
What Is the Main Security Trade-off between PoW and PoS?
How Does Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Differ from PoW in Terms of Security and Energy Use?