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What Is the Maximum Fraction of Malicious Nodes a BFT System Can Tolerate While Maintaining Safety?

A BFT system can tolerate less than one-third ($<1/3$) of the total nodes being malicious while guaranteeing system safety.
Greeks.Live06.11.25

What Is the Maximum Fraction of Malicious Nodes a BFT System Can Tolerate While Maintaining Safety?

A standard Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) system, such as pBFT, can tolerate a maximum of less than one-third ($<1/3$) of the total number of nodes being malicious or faulty. If one-third or more of the nodes are dishonest, the system can fail to guarantee safety (meaning honest nodes may commit different transactions) or liveness (meaning the system may halt and fail to commit any new transactions).

This fraction is a mathematical property of the Byzantine Generals' Problem solution.

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