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What Is the Primary Mechanism That Causes Impermanent Loss?

Impermanent loss is primarily caused by arbitrage trading between the decentralized exchange (DEX) liquidity pool and external markets. When a token's price changes on an external exchange, arbitrageurs trade with the liquidity pool to bring its internal price back in line with the external market price.

This rebalancing process is what leaves the liquidity provider with a less valuable portfolio than simply holding the assets.

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Can Latency Differences Be Exploited in a Cross-Exchange Arbitrage Strategy?
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Explain the Role of “Arbitrageurs” in Keeping the AMM Price Aligned with Centralized Exchange Prices