What Is the Trade-off between Security and Throughput in Consensus Models?

There is an inherent trade-off, often called the 'scalability trilemma.' Increasing throughput, for example, by increasing block size or reducing block time, can compromise security or decentralization. Faster block propagation is harder for globally distributed nodes, increasing the risk of chain forks and centralizing mining.

Stronger security, like high PoW difficulty, can slow down transaction processing.