What Mechanisms Are in Place to Prevent Collusion between Miners and Validators in a Proof-of-Activity System?

To prevent collusion between miners and validators, Proof-of-Activity systems rely on the random selection of validators. Since the validators for a given block are not known in advance, it is difficult for a miner to collude with them.

Additionally, the economic incentives are designed to discourage collusion. If a miner and a group of validators were to collude to approve a fraudulent block, it would devalue the cryptocurrency, harming their own holdings.

The public nature of the blockchain also means that any such collusion would be visible to the entire network, leading to a loss of trust and a potential fork of the chain.