What Mechanisms Are in Place to Prevent Validator Collusion in PoS?

Several mechanisms in Proof-of-Stake (PoS) systems are designed to prevent validator collusion. The primary deterrent is the risk of slashing, where colluding validators would lose their staked funds if their malicious activity is detected.

Additionally, the randomness in validator selection makes it difficult for a specific group to consistently control the block proposal process. Some protocols also have on-chain governance systems that can vote to penalize or remove bad actors.

The transparency of the blockchain itself also makes it easier to detect and prove collusion.