Why Is a 51% Attack More Difficult to Execute on a Large, Established Network like Bitcoin?

A 51% attack on Bitcoin is prohibitively difficult due to the sheer scale of the network's total hash rate. Amassing 51% of the global hash power would require an astronomical capital investment in ASICs and an ongoing, massive operational cost for electricity.

The financial cost of acquiring and maintaining the necessary hardware and power far exceeds the potential gain from the attack, making it economically irrational.

What Is the Minimum Hash Rate Required for a Successful 51% Attack on Bitcoin?
Why Are Smaller, Less-Established Cryptocurrencies More Vulnerable to a 51% Attack?
Compare the Capital Cost of a PoS Attack to the Energy Cost of a PoW Attack
Calculate the Theoretical Minimum Capital Required for a PoA 51% Attack
How Does the Cost of a 51% Attack Differ between PoW and PoS?
Why Is the Cost of Re-Mining an Entire Chain Prohibitive for an Attacker?
How Is the Cost of a 51 Percent Attack Estimated for a PoW Network?
What Is the Estimated Capital Cost to Acquire 51% of the Stake in a Major PoS Network like Ethereum?